| Tobelo | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in | Indonesia |
| Region | North Halmahera |
| Native speakers | 27,700 (2000) |
| Language family |
West Papuan
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tlb |
|
The Tobelo speaking region (grey) on Halmahera
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Tobelo (Indonesian: Bahasa Tobelo) is a West Papuan language spoken on the eastern Indonesian island of Halmahera and on parts of several neighboring islands. The Tobelo-speaking heartland is in the district (Indonesian kecematan) of Tobelo, located on the western shore of Kao Bay. The district capital, also known as Tobelo, serves as a regional commercial and administrative center and is the largest settlement on Halmahera.
Six principal dialects are generally recognized (Voorhoeve 1988):
The Tugutil or "Forest Tobelo" may constitute an additional dialectal variant, but this has not been satisfactorily documented.
In addition, based on cognition percentages in a basic vocabulary list, Voorhoeve 1988 identifies five other North Halmaheran language varieties as dialects of the putative Northeast Halmaheran language. Together with Tobelo, these varieties are Galela, Loloda, Modole, Pagu and Tabaru. Most speakers consider these to be distinct languages from Tobelo, although they do acknowledge a certain degree of mutual intelligibility.
Most all of the 50 languages of Maluku have some sort of directional system. At the least the up/down distinction seems to be an areal feature. But this brings up the chicken and the egg phenomenon. Is this directional system of AN or NAN origin? Or is it a mixture? Perhaps it is not a coincidene that the Tobelo are the most widespread ethnic group in Maluku, with sizable emigrant population throughout the province. We can a least be sure that the Malay directionals are the "egg", because Malay as spoken in Western Indonesia does not use these directionals. Whereas Moluccan Malay uses direct calques of the Tobelo terms:
bawah, atas, darat, laut.
Tobelo directionals are described in Taylor (1984). Tobelo directional adverbs occur:
Thus, interpretation of directional adverbs is entirely context-dependent. For example
o tau t-oiki NM house 1AGT-go 'I'm going to the house'
If I meet you landwards of the house, this means that I'm headed inland from my house. If I meet you seawards of the house, then it means I'm headed inland to the house.
| Deictic | Adverb | |
|---|---|---|
| land | dina | -iha |
| sea | dai | -oko |
| up | daku | -ilye |
| down | dau | -uku |
| over | doka | -ika |